Summary CNC

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Lesson 01
1	A computer network is a system of interconnected computer and peripherals devices.
2	Interconnected computing devices is a network can communicate with each other through defined rules of data communication to exchange and share information and resources.
3	Communication is about the transfer of information from a sender across a distance to a receiver.
4	Data in the form of codes is transmitted through a physical medium such as wire, cable or even the atmosphere.
5	For communications in a network to be possible, there must be a physical medium, a set of protocols and a network management system.

Lesson 02
1	A sending device is a device that sends the data message.
2	A receiving device is a device that receives the data messages.
3	A communication channel is the physical path by which a message travels from a sending device to a receiving device.
4	A wired communication is about data transmission using a guided media. A guided media is a transmission medium with a physical boundary.
5	A wireless communication is about data transmission using unguided media. An unguided media is a transmission medium with no physical boundaries.

Lesson 03
Some of the importance of networks and communication are
1	E-business: sell and conduct online shopping through a network.
2	Online education: share knowledge, search for information and join an online discussion.
3	E-banking: pay bills, browse account balance and transfer money to other parties without going to the bank.
4	Long distance communication: communication with people anywhere in the world can be faster and easier and save cost.

Lesson 04
1	There are three types of network:
		- Local Area Network (LAN) - Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - Wide Area Network (WAN)
2	LAN covers a small region of space, typically a single building.
3	MAN is a collection of LAN’s with the same geographical area, for instance, a city.
4	WAN can be a collection of LANs or MANs or the mixture of both with a very large geographical area, for instance a country or even beyond the border

Lesson 05
1	LAN is a group of computers and network devices connected together, usually within the same building.
2	To form the simplest form of LAN, is to connect two (2) computers together.
3	Inexpensive hardware used in LAN previously include twisted pair, coaxial cable and the higher end is fiber optic or wireless. However, coaxial cables are now being replaced by a higher speed cabling system such as CAT5, using RJ45 connectors.
4	LAN is a very high speed network (from previously 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps) which is faster than MAN and WAN.

Lesson 06
1	MAN is a group of computers and network devices connected together within a large physical area.
2	MAN uses fiber optics as connection medium.
3	MAN can be a collection of several LANs within the same city.
4	MAN often acts as a high speed network (although not as fast as a LAN).

Lesson 07
1	WAN can be defined as a groups of computers and network devices connected together across a very large physical area such as states or countries.
2	WAN is the largest network of all network types.
3	The internet is the largest WAN in the world.
4	WAN can be a group of MANs or LANs or the mixture of both networks.
5	To connect the MANs or WANs, all over a large physical area will need a device called a router.
6	A router is a special networking device that connects tow or more different networks and keep data flowing between them.
7	The transmission media that WAN use is the fibre optic cable.
8	WAN is still considered a fast network with speeds of 20 – 2000 Kbps but slower than LAN and WAN.

Lesson 08
1	Setting up a WAN is the most expensive compared to a MAN and the lowest cost is a LAN.
2	The network size of MAN falls between LAN and WAN.
3	LAN offers the best speed in information transmission followed by MAN and WAN.
4	LAN uses the cheapest transmission media (lines) followed by MAN and WAN.
5	LAN will have the least number of computers connected to the network compared to MAN and WAN.

Lesson 09
1	A network architecture is the overall design of a computer network that describes how a computer network is configured and what strategies are being used.
2	Network architecture can be divided into two main types: - client/server network - peer-to-peer network
3	Client/server network is a network in which the shared files and applications are stored in the server but enables clients to store files on their individual PCs.
4	Peer-to-Peer network is a network with all the nodes acting as both servers and clients. No server is needed in this network.
5	All the computers in peer-to-peer network have equal abilities.

Lesson 10
1	A server or host computer is a computer that provides services to client computers.
2	A server controls access to the hardware, software and other resources on the network.
3	It provides a centralized storage area for programs, data and information.
4	A dedicated server performs specific tasks and usually execute only one job.
5	A dedicated server helps save time and storage space in one computer. It will not put the whole network at risk if it fails.
6	The client computer are computer on the network that rely on the server for its resources and services.
7	Client computers send requests to a server for a resources or services to perform their job.

Lesson 11
1	P2P network is the best choice to set up a network with less than 10 computers.
2	P2P network is easier to manage.
3	No central server router is needed to manage a peer-to-peer network

Lesson 12
1	Network topology is the physical arrangement of computers and other networking devices that are linked together
2	Network topology defines how nodes are connected to one another in a communication network.
3	Three types of network are: - bus topology - star topology - ring topology

Lesson 13
1	A bus topology consists of a single central cable to which all computers and other devices connect.
2	A bus topology is also known as a bus network.
3	A bus network must have a common back bone, which is the central cable.
4	All nodes share the backbone to communicate with each other on a bus network.
5	A server is not necessary can still function if the …
6	If the backbone fails, the bus network will fail.

Lesson 16
1	A bus network is the easiest to implement.
2	A ring network must have connections between nodes.
3	A bus network can still run although there is a host failure.
4	A bus network and a star network will still run although there is a node failure.
5	A bus network is the best choice when future network extension is necessary.

Lesson 17
1	The IEEE develops and provides networking technology specifications for worldwide usage which is called network standards.
2	The well-known standards adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) are the 802 standards.
3	The 802.3 standard is the standard for an Ethernet LAN.
4	802.7 is the standard specifications for a broadband LAN.
5	Specifications for a fibre-optic LAN and MAN are given under the 802.8 standard.
6	802.11 standard defines communication between a wireless computer or client and an access point or between two wireless computers or clients.

Lesson 18
1	Protocols provide the rules for how computers communicate. They define how devices inter communicate in a network environment.
2	Protocols are important as they define how devices, applications or computers communicate in a network.

Lesson 19
1	TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the standard that sets the rules computers must follow in communicating with each other on a network.
2	TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is the protocol that sets the communication rules between computers
3	IP (Internet Protocol) is the protocol that transfers the data from node to node.

Lesson 20
1	Each computer must have an IP address to access to Internet.
2	TCP makes the connection between two computers and it will prepare the full-duplex communication.
3	IP sends the data packets through different mutes to deliver their packets to their destination.
4	TCP maintains the communication link between two computers

Lesson 21
1	The IP address is a unique identification number that identifies a computer or device connected to the Internet.
2	Subnet masks accompany an IP address. It splits the address into two parts: an extended network address and a host address.
3	A network gateway is an internetworking system, a system that joins two network together.
4	The main tasks of the gateway is to direct the proper traffic from PCs on the LAN to the Internet and back, but rejecting any unauthorized traffic along the way.
5	IP addresses that can be assigned to machines in a private network are:

Class	Private Start Address	Private End Address
A	10.0.0.0	10.255.255.255
B	172.16.0.0	172.31.255.255
C	192.168.0.0	192.168.255.255

Lesson 22
1	The Internet is the world wide publicity accessible system of interconnected computer network that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP).
2	It consists of millions of smaller business, academics, domestic and government networks which together carry various information and services such as electronic mail, online chat and interlinked web pages and other documents of the world wide web.
3	An Intranet (“intra” means “within”) is an internal network that uses Internet technologies and it is a small versions of the Internet that exists within an organization.
4	An intranet is a private computer network that use Internet protocols, network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organisation’s information or operations with its employees.
5	An extranet is a private network that use Internet protocols, network connectivity and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business information op operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers or other business.
6	An extranet can be viewed as part of a company’s network that is extended to users outside the company normally over the Internet

Lesson 23
1	Internet transmit data by packet switching using standard Internet Protocol (IP).
2	Internet access is provided by the Internet Service Provider (ISP).
3	Malaysian ISPs are Jaring, TMNet, Maxisnet and Time.net.
4	Two types of Internet connection: dial-up or broadband.
5	For dial-up connections, a phone line and modem are needed for Internet access while broadband connections use cable modem or router.

Lesson 24
1	Intranet is an Internet-based network which belongs to an organization. It is accessible only by the organization’s members, employees or others with authorization.
2	Unlike other websites, the internet is surrounded by firewall to fend off unauthorized access.
3	Employees at a different location can access company information with login names and passwords.
4	Internet usually includes electronics publishing of materials related to an organization and ability to conduct remote tasks.

Lesson 25
1	An extranet is a private network that uses Internet technology and public telecommunications system to securely share relevant information with authorized parties.
2	There are many uses of extranet in the business community.

Lesson 26
Hardware devices needed for network communication are:
	1. Network Interface Card (NIC) 2. Wireless Network Interface Card (WNIC) 3. Internal and External modem 4. hub or switch 5. router 6. wireless access point

Lesson 27
1	A Network Interface Card allows computers to communicate over a computer network.
2	A Wireless Network Interface Card is a network card which connects to a radio-based computer network.
3	A modem enables a computer to transmit data over telephone or cable lines.
4	A hub connects all the devices on it ports together.
5	A switch understands when the devices want to talk to each other and gives them a switched connection.
6	A router acts as a junction between two or more networks to transfer data packets among them.
7	A wireless access point connects wireless communications devices together to form a wireless network.

Lesson 28
1	Transmission medium means any material substances that can be used for the propagation of signals. The twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, fibre optic cable and air is examples.
2	Transmission medium can be categorized into physical transmission media and wireless transmission media.

Lesson 29
1	Physical transmission is any materials or solid substances which can propagate waves or energy used to guide electrical messages from one end to the other.
2	The main physical transmission media are: - twisted-pair cable which are UTP and STP - coaxial cable - fibre optic cable

Lesson 30
	Unlike wired transmission media, wireless transmission media transmit electromagnetic waves between devices without using a physical conductor.
	Wireless transmission can be divided into three broad groups: - radio waves - microwaves - infrared

Lesson 31
1	A Network Operating System or NOS has additional functioning from an operating system that allows it to connect computers and peripherals to a network.
2	Some popular Network Operating Systems include: - Window NY - Window 2000 Server - Window Server 2003 - Red hat Linux
3	Peer-to-peer Network Operating Systems allows users to share resources and files located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers.
4	Client/Server Network Operating Systems allow the network to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers.

Lesson 32
1	There are three types of client software, which are: - web browser - Email client - FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Client
2	A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and    interact with HTML documents hosted by web servers or held in a file system.
3	An email client is a computer program that is used to read and send email.
4	FTP or File Transfer Protocol client is used to connect two computers over the Internet so that the user of one computer can transfer files and perform file commands on the other computer.

Lesson 33
1	What is a Network Interface Card?
2	Why a Network Interface Card is important to network facilities?
3	How to insert a Network Interface Card?

Lesson 34
You should know how to
1	install the Network Interface Card driver for Window 98 and Window ME.
2	install the Network Interface Card driver for Window 2000.
3	install the network Interface Card driver for window XP.
4	install the wireless Network Interface Card driver.

Lesson 35
1	A straight-through network cable acts as an extension enabling a device with a Network Interface Card to be attached to a network.
2	A common form of network media is the UTP CAT5 known as Unshielded Twisted Pair Category 5 cable.
3	CAT 5 cable has four twisted pairs of wire for a total of eight individually insulated wires.
4	The tools for crimping straight cables are - RJ 45 plugs - crimp tool - cable stripper - cutter

Lesson 36
1	Crossover network cable can be used to directly connect two computers to each other without use of a hub or switch.
2	The tools in the progress of crimping the crossover cable are cable, connectors, crimper, stripper, RJ 45 plug and cutter.
3	In cable crimping test, if you look at the end of the RJ-45 plugs, you can see that the copper connectors are pressed down into the wires.
4	Towards the back of the RJ-45 plugs (where the jacket meets the RJ-45 plug) it should be crimped securely holding the jacket or cable in the RJ-45 plugs.

Lesson 37
Configure a network by setting the:
1	Internet protocol (IP) address
2	Subnet mask
3	server/gateway

Lesson 38
	The process of configuration and network testing

Lesson 39
1	Share folders on your computer.
2	Share folders on your network

Lesson 40
1	Wireless communication is a method of communication that uses low-powered radio waves to transmit data between devices.
2	The term wireless refers to communication without cables of cards, but which chiefly uses radio frequency and infrared waves.
3	Common uses of wireless communication include the various types of IrDA communications and wireless networking of computers.

Lesson 41
Mobile computing is about the new strategies of computing that utilities
	- portable or mobile devices - wireless communications networks and services - wireless communications technologies

Lesson 42
1	Internet technology is a broad range of technologies for web development, web production, design, networking, telecommunications and e-commerce.
2	VoIP is one of the Internet technologies that allow users to make telephone calls using a broadband Internet connection.
3	VoIP is a method for taking analog audio signals and tuning them into digital data that can be transmitted over the Internet.
4	There are three different VoIP services in common use today. They are Analog Telephone Adapter, IP Phones and computer-to-computer.

Lesson 43
Internet services include:
	- Blog - World Wide Web or WWW - Email - Internet Relay Chart or IRC - search engine

Lesson 44
1	A wireless network is a telephone or computer network that uses radio as their carrier or physical layer.
2	There are various types of wireless network used for mobile computing. Examples are PAN, VPN, WLAN and WIMAX.