Lesson 01
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1
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A computer system is defined as a combination of
components designed to process data and store files.
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2
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A computer system requires hardware, software and a
user to fully function.
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3
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Hardware refers to the equipment associated with the
computer system for example monitors and keyboard.
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4
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Software refer to a set of instruction that tells
the hardware what to do.
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5
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A user refers to a person who uses computer for any
purpose such as work, business or entertainment.
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Lesson 02
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1
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A computer system consists of input device,
processor, output device and storage devices.
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2
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An input devices such as the keyboard, feed raw data
to the processor (CPU) to be processed into useful information.
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3
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From the processor, the information is displayed on
output device such as the monitor or printed on a piece of paper. All this
information can thus be stored in storage devices such as CD’s, diskettes or
removable pen drives.
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4
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Any external hardware devices such as keyboard,
mouse or printer which are attached to the computer system are known as
peripheral equipment.
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Lesson 03
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Input à Process
à Output
↑
↓
Storage
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Lesson 04
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Data representation : Bit à
Bytes à Character
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Lesson 05
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1
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Computer use binary codes to communicate.
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2
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One of the widely used binary codes is the American
Standard Code for Information Interchange or ASCII.
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3
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ASCII is a standard of 7-bit code used to represent
characters, which include letters, numbers and punctuation marks.
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4
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ASCII was established to achieve compatibility
between various types of data processing equipment, making it possible for
the components to communicate with each other successfully.
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Lesson 06
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1 Kb = 210 bytes
1 MB = 220 bytes
1 GB = 230 bytes
1TB = 240 bytes
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Lesson 07
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The unit of clock speed measurement are
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1 hertz = 1 cycle / 1 second
1 MHz
= 1 000 000 cycles / 1
second
1 GHz = 1 000 000 000 cycles / 1 second
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Lesson 08
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1
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Input devices are any hardware components that
allows users to enter data, programs, commands and user responses into a
computer.
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2
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There are 4 types of input which are text, graphics,
audio and video.
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Lesson 09
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1
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Output is the result of data processing activity
when is presented external to the system.
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2
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There are 4 types of input, which are text-based,
graphic-based, audio-based and video-based.
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3
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There are 4 type of output devices, devices that
produce text, graphic, audio and video.
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4
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The output device are any computer components
capable of conveying information to a user.
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Lesson 10
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Location of CPU, expansion slot, expansion cards,
RAM slot and “ports and connectors”.
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Lesson 11
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1
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The function of CPU is to controls the operation of
the computer
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2
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The function of expansion slots are they are the
sockets where the adapter cards can be inserted into the motherboard.
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3
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The function of expansion cards is to add new
devices or capabilities to a computer.
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4
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The function of RAM slot is to place the computer
memory.
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5
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The function of ports and connectors are to connect the computer to an external
device, such as a modem or printer.
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Lesson 12
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A motherboard contains various kinds of ports and
connectors. They are the serial port, the parallel port, the USB port, the
FireWire port and special purpose ports (
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Lesson 13
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1
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The CPU or microprocessor interprets and carries out
instructions given by the software. It controls the computer components.
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2
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The CPU contains the Control Unit (CU) and the
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
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3
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The CPU processes data in a four-step cycle called a
machine cycle. The Control Unit (CU) manages four basic operations : fetch,
decode, execute and store.
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4
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The machine cycle consists of two phases :
instruction cycle and executes cycle.
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5
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Fetch and decode are in the instruction cycle.
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6
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Execute and store are in the execution cycle.
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Lesson 14
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1
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Computer storage is the holding of data in an
electromagnetic form for access by a computer processor.
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2
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Two types of computer storage are primary storage
and secondary storage.
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3
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Primary storage includes RAM and
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4
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RAM is volatile.
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5
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ROM is non-volatile.
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6
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Secondary storage is non-volatile.
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7
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Secondary storage is useful to store programs and
data for later use.
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Lesson 15
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1
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Primary storage is the main memory in a computer
directly accessible by the processor.
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2
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There are two types of primary storage: RAM (Random
Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory).
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3
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RAM is volatile while ROM is non-volatile.
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Lesson 16
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1
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Secondary storage is used to store programs and data
for future use.
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2
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Secondary storage is non-volatile.
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3
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It is divided into three (3) main type: magnetic
medium, optical medium and flash memory
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4
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A hard disk and a floppy disk are example of
magnetic storage.
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5
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CD-ROM, DVD-ROM and CD-RW are examples of optical
storage.
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6
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Flash memory reads faster than optical and magnetic
medium.
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7
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Flash memory cards and flash memory sticks are
examples of flash memory.
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8
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Flash memory sticks also called USB drives, thumb
drives, pen drives or flash drives are the up-and-coming players in the
portable storage market.
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Lesson 17
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1
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Software is a program which consists of a set of
instructions that tells the computer how to perform an operations.
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2
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Software can be divided into two categories: system
software and application software.
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3
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System software provides the environment in which an
application software performs a task.
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4
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Application software enables users to create,
communicate and be entertained.
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Lesson 18
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1
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Definition of system software: The programs that
control or maintain the operations of a computer and it devices.
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2
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System software serves as the interface between the
user, the application software and the computer’s hardware.
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3
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There are two types of system software: operating
system and utility program.
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4
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The differences between operating system and utility
program is: an operating system contains instructions that coordinate all the
activities among computer hardware resources while a utility program performs
maintenance-type tasks, usually related to managing a computer, it devices or
its program.
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5
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operating system
ß system software à
utility program
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6
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An operating system contains instruction that
coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources.
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7
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A utility program performs maintenance-type tasks,
usually related to managing a computer, it devices or its program.
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Lesson 19
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1
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An operating system is a set of programs that
schedules tasks allocate storage and presents a default interface to the
user.
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2
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There are different types of platforms for different
types of operating system, which are:
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- PC platforms for operating system such as Disk
Operating system (DOS), MS Windows XP and MS Window Vista.
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- Apple platform for operating system such as MacOS
and MacOSX
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- cross platforms for operating system such as LINUX
and UNIX.
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Lesson 20
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There are 5 major functions of operating system:
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1
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Starting a computer
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2
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Providing a user interface
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3
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Managing data and programs
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4
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Managing memory
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5
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Configuring devices
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Lesson 21
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1
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The importance of user interface:
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- to assist users to interact with software and
- to control how a user enters data and
instructions.
- to control how information is displayed.
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2
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Three (3) types of user interface are command-line,
menu driven and graphical user interface (GUI).
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3
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The difficulty to use the user interface increases
from GUI, menu driven and followed by command-line.
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Lesson 22
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1
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Application software are all programs designed to
make users become more productive while assisting users with personal tasks.
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2
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Common types of application software are word
processing, spreadsheet, presentation and graphics editing.
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3
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Examples of word processing are Corel WordPerfect,
MS Words and Sun StarOffice Writer.
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4
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Examples of spreadsheet include Corel Quatro Pro, MS
Excel and Sun StarOffice Calc.
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5
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Example of presentation are Corel Presentation,
MSPowerPoint and Sun StarOffice Impress.
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6
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Example of graphic editing are Adobe Photoshop,
CorelDraw MacroMedia FreeHand and the GIMP
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Lesson 23
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1
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Word Processing is used to produce documents such as
reports, letters and memos.
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2
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Spreadsheet software is used to organize and
manipulate data in rows and columns and to perform calculation on the data.
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3
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Presentation software is used to combine text,
graphics, graphs and sounds Graphic software is used to create, manipulate
and print graphics.into a series of electronic slides.
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4
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Lesson 24
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Features of word processing software:
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1
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Mail merge allow users to create letters, mailing,
labels and envelops.
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2
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A drop cap is the first letter of a document that
appears in a larger and more interesting font than the other characters.
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3
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Watermark are used to print text or graphics behind
a document text. Watermark are transparent, therefore any text or inserted
object printed over a watermark is
clearly visible.
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4
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MS Equation is a tool in MS Word that will allow the
user to easily create complex equations on the computer.
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Lesson 25
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Features of spreadsheet software:
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1
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Macro is a sequence of keystrokes and instructions
that are recorded and saved.
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2
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Lookup allow the user to take any value entered,
find it in a designated table and then return a value from that same table.
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3
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Protection allows the user to protect the
information in a worksheet.
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4
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Pivot table allows the users to summarize and
simplify tasks that contain lengthly lists using complex criteria.
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Lesson 26
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1
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Most presentation software has advanced features to
make the presentation more effective. For example: organization chart,
rehearse timing, PowerPoint Show and photo album.
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2
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Organization charts are used to visually show: an
organization’s structure, a flow of logical steps of a project and a family
tree.
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3
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The rehearse timing feature keeps track of the
length of time each slide is displayed and sets the timing accordingly.
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4
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User can save the presentation as a “PowerPointShow
(.pps, so that the presentation will open straight into screen show mode).
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5
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The photo album feature in powerpoint allow users to
show a collection of pictures.
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Lesson 27
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1
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Most graphics software have features to crop and
enhance your images.
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2
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Cropping is a process of cutting pictures down to
size.
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3
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Enhancing pictures allows you to add new and
exciting effects to your picture to make them better.
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Lesson 28
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Types of utility program and their use:
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1
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A file manager is a software used to manage files on
a disk. It provides function to delete, copy, move, rename and view files as
well as create and manage folders (directories).
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2
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A diagnostic program compiles technical information
and the report assists technical support staff in remedying any problems.
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3
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A disk defragmenter is a utility that reorganizes
the files so they are located in contiguous sectors which speeds access time.
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4
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Backup utility allows users to copy selected files
or an entire hard disk to another storage medium.
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5
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Data recovery is used to restore data that has been
physically damaged or corrupted.
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6
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Virus protection is used to scan the hard disk,
floppy disk and memory to detect viruses.
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7
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Data compression is used to remove redundant
elements and gaps and unnecessary data from a computer storage space.
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8
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Disk scanner and disk cleanup is used to remove
unnecessary files such as temporary files.
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Lesson 29
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1
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The closed source software or proprietary software
offers a stable system with support if the software fails or malfunction.
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2
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Open source software provided is for use, modification
and redistribution. It is software that any programmer can download from the
Internet for free and modify with suggested improvement.
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3
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MSDOS(MS Disk Operating System) was the original
operating system produced by MicroSoft and had a hard-to-use command driven
user interface.
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4
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Mac OS-X is the Macintosh Operating System which
runs only onb Apple Macintosh computer. It sets the standard for
icon-oriented and easy to use graphic user interface.
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5
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LINUX is a free version of UNIX and its continual
improvement result from the efforts of tens of thousands of volunteer
programmers. It was originally built for use on the Internet.
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Lesson 30
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1
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The advantage of manufacturing proprietary software:
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the software must be purchased in order to be
installed and use, thus giving room for profit.
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a limit can be set to the license of use allowing
the company to control and monitor the installation and distribution of the
software sold.
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2
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The disadvantage of manufacturing proprietary
software:
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manufacturers are often under massive amounts of
pressure to release the software before it is ready causing major problem,
later. This is because the release of the software would effect the profit.
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security is a major issue. Manufacturers will have
to invest in an ongoing research against threats from hackers.
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3
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The advantage of using proprietary software are:
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the software offers a stable online or offline
system support if it fails or malfunctions
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the software is safe and guaranteed to be safe from
dubious threats like programming bugs and viruses.
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the software is easy to install and use a production
is planned and extensive research is carried out to ensure users purchases
only the best.
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4
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The disadvantage of using proprietary software:
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users need to spend a long time downloading and
installing security patches to fix bugs announced by the manufacturer.
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any improvements would usually require fees, which
is often expensive.
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users are not allowed to distribute and share the
software as they are licensed.
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customising the software is nearly impossible as
users do not have access to the programming code.
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Lesson 31
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1
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Advantage of open source software:
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the source codes are available to users and they
have the rights to modify them. This will allow improvements to the software
without having to invest large sum of money in research and development.
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the modified and improved source codes can be freely
redistributed
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open source software is created based on industry
demand but allows for upgrade to take place freely when the need arises
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fixes and patches to rectify the bugs are rapidly
developed
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the software can be used in any way and for any
legal purpose
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there is no restriction in a unilateral way on how
the software could be used
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2
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The disadvantage:
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the codes are too complicated for novice users to
understand
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open source software usually comes without warranty
and after sales support because the software is usually distributed free of
charge or sold for very minimal fees.
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since nobody is particular is responsible for the
codes, there is no exact knowledge of assurance on when the codes are going
to be fixed if there are bugs in it.
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Lesson 32
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1
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The importance of safety when dealing with
components and also the precautions when dealing with electrical equipment
such as the PC.
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2
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The components and tools needed to assemble a
complete PC.
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Lesson 33
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Steps in assembling a PC:
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01. Fixing the motherboard
02. Fixing the processor or CPU
03. Installing the RAM
04. Connecting the inside cables
05. Installing the floppy driver
06. Installing the hard disk
07. Installing the DVD or CD ROM
08. Installing the power supply
09. Connecting other peripherals
10. powering the system
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Lesson 34
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1
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BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System.
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2
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It is a set of routines stored inside ROM (Read Only
Memory)
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3
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The most important role of BIOS is to load the
operating system.
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4
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BIOS set up has the following basic function
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- standard settings
- power management
- exit set up
- advance settings
- boot order
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Lesson 35
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Hard disk partitioning and formatting:
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disk partitioning is the process of dividing and
organizing a disk into different specific sections
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disk formatting is the process of making a disk for
a specific file system such as NTFS.
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Lesson 36
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The correct steps of installing an OS:
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1. Inserting the MS Window XP’s CD
2. Window installation screen will appear
3. Selecting the region and input language
4. Entering the name and organization
5. Entering the product key
6. Entering the computer’s name and an administrator
password
7. Setting the date, time and time zone
8. Installing the network
9. Setting the network
10. Entering the workgroup or computer domain
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Lesson 37
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Install an application system:
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Check minimum hardware and system requirement
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Enter your name, initials, organization and CD Key /
Product Key (25 characters)
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“I accept the terms”
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Install the software
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Click OK to complete the installation
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Restart the computer
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-
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MS Office icons will appear on the computer desktop
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Lesson 38
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Install a utility program which is an antivirus
software
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1
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Google type Free AVG (AVG Free Edition)
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2
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An antivirus program will detect, clean or
quarantine viruses, if found
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3
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Download (click download file to begin installation)
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4
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Run
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5
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Accept
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Lesson 39
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1
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Pervasive computing is the technology that
gracefully integrated in our everyday life. The user is no longer aware of
this embedded technology.
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2
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Pervasive computing uses web technology, portable
devices, wireless communications and nomadic or ubiquitous computing systems.
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3
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Other terms for pervasive computing are Ubiquitous
Computing, Calm Technology and Think That Think.
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